Western Philosophy History (Summary)

Ancient: Western philosophy began in Greece from 600 BC. Later AD 4-5th century was an ancient philosophy. ① Stage 1: Exploring nature in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, the water of Thales and the fire of Heraclitus of Ephesus ② Stage 2: The heyday of ancient philosophy centered on Athens in the late 5th century BC. The object of interest has shifted from nature to humans, starting with Protagoras and Gorgias. It is the position of relativism that an objective solution can never be obtained. Socrates took the human soul as the subject of philosophy, and the fundamental idea is ‘virtue is knowledge’. Plato insisted on the idea of ​​Idea, and his disciple Aristotle established his own philosophical system while taking over the Master's ideas. ③ Hellenistic and Roman Philosophy: From Aristotle's death to ancient times (4th-5th century BC): There are the stoicism of the asceticism founded by Xenon of Cyprus, the pleasures of Epicurus and the skepticism of Furon. They sought relief with their own strength, and in the latter days, they gradually sought transcendental gods beyond humans and sought salvation. Pylon's philosophy and Neoplaton's philosophy are typical.

Middle Ages: Medieval philosophy is based on Christianity. In 395, the fathers who became the state religion and needed to establish the doctrine of the Catholic Church took over. Augustinus, the greatest Father, established Christian philosophy under the influence of the new Plato. The medieval philosophy is typical of the scholastic philosophy. It is a philosophy established by the teachers of the church, but it goes from the 9th century to the middle of the 15th century and is divided into the early middle and late stages. ① At the beginning of 9-13C, Anselmus said, “I believe to know” and clarified his thoughts to be based on the content of faith. ② Mid-term 13C: Thomas Aquinas was the first person in the scholastic philosophy, which established a great system by integrating Aristotle's philosophy with the orthodox view of the church. However, the conviction that faith and knowledge are consistent is somewhat shaken. ③ Late 14-15: The decline of the Scholastic philosophy, William of Ockham values ​​empirical knowledge and admits that Christ's doctrine can never be based on knowledge. This claim of complete separation of faith and knowledge meant the collapse of Scholastic philosophy. Renaissance: The claim to the separation of faith and knowledge led to the modern spirit of thinking freely, regardless of Christianity. The transitional period to escape from this medieval bondage began with the revival of Greek philosophy, Martin Luther and Calvin who insisted on the reformation, Machia Valley, who said that there is no need to choose a means to strengthen the country, and Grottius, the father of modern natural law.​

Modernity: Modern philosophy was established in 17C. The basic personality is to have confidence in the position of human beings and to admit only what they can understand for themselves. ① Rationalism and Empiricism: The rationalistic philosophy centered on the continent of Europe and the empirical philosophy prevalent in England are central, but the two are in opposition. Ⓐ The founder of rationalism, Descartes, believes in the trust of human reason, and that we can recognize truth if we reason from what is reasonably certain to what is certain. 'I think. Therefore, I believe that the existence of God and the existence of objects, starting with I exist, are deduced by reasoning with certain trust. Deduction law is based on the premise (mammal, heart)> Conclusion (horse, heart) ⓑ Empirical philosophy emphasizes the role played by experience in human perception. Bacon insisted on emphasizing experience and insisting on natural studies and emphasized the importance of induction in natural studies. The induction method is premise (lion, cub and monkey, young) <Conclusion (mammal, cub) ② Kant's philosophy of criticism (19C): Kant tries to overcome the confrontation between rationalism and empiricism. He acknowledged the empirical argument that perception cannot be established without experience, but he had too strong a metaphysical demand that he could not abandon the sympathy of rationalism. “Our perception is never to capture the image of the object itself, the world of material things. The object of our perception is that it is limited to the phenomenal world, but there is room for existence in the material world, and that it opens the way for metaphysics to be established. “By criticizing our cognitive ability itself, we think that a new way of philosophy opens, and we call our own philosophy the critique of criticism. ③ German ideology: Starting from Kant, Pihité attempted to create a unified system that considers the absolute ego beyond the dualism of the phenomenon and the material. And Schelling went beyond Pihité's absolute ego and arrived at the concept of self-identifying absolutes that exist at the base of everything, and Hegel began with Selling philosophy and thought that the absolutes were not self-identifying, but realizing self in history. .. Hegel's philosophy is to explain all thoughts by the self-development of the Absolute based on reason, and it can be called rational metaphysics.